Papers

Selected 2026 publications

Preprints, data and code ship together. Every paper names its limitations section before its abstract.

ORR-2026-031Preprint, Oct 2026P-02

Veikko Rantanen, Predrag Kalapašev, Daniel Whitford

Tail Erosion: A Generational Benchmark for Recursive Model Collapse

Across 14 open-weight models trained for nine synthetic generations, the rarest 5% of facts disappear by generation four, while headline benchmark scores barely move.

ORR-2026-0272026P-01

Sanna Kivelä, Dušan Radovanović, Rachel Ainsworth

Proxy Paths: How LLM Agents Rediscover Protected Attributes Through Tool Calls

Agents told to ignore race and gender reconstructed both from ZIP codes, school names and search history in 61% of loan-triage episodes.

ORR-2026-022Preprint, Jul 2026P-02

Eero Halonen, Jelena Vuksanović, Marcus Delaney

The Human Reservoir: Minimum Verified-Data Ratios to Prevent Collapse

Keeping at least 18% provenance-verified human data in each training round held minority-dialect accuracy within 2 points of baseline across ten generations.

ORR-2026-018Working paper, May 2026P-03

Liisa Koivula, Bojan Kovac, Hannah Brightwell

Precaution Without Projection: A Welfare Assessment Protocol for Frontier Models

A 22-indicator protocol that separates behavioral self-report from architectural evidence, designed so labs can act cautiously without overclaiming sentience.

ORR-2026-011Mar 2026P-04

Juho Saarinen, Ana Dragović, Thomas Pemberton

Who Invented This? Inventorship Evidence in AI-Assisted Patent Applications

An empirical study of 3,400 filings proposing a "significant human contribution" record that inventors can keep as they work with AI tools.

ORR-2026-004Policy brief, Jan 2026P-06

Kaisa Mäenpää, Predrag Kalapašev, Evelyn Hargrove

From Charter to Practice: Operationalizing Responsible AI in Local Government

Lessons from 11 municipalities in the United States and the Western Balkans on turning AI principles into intake boards, risk tiers and staff training.